· · Video lectures and Lecture Notes on "Operating Systems" by Prof. P.K. Biswas sir, IITKGP 1 introduction to operating system 2 process management 1 3. In this excerpt from his book, Modern Operating Systems, Andrew Tanenbaum briefly looks at a few of the highlights of the evolution of Operating Systems. Operating Systems, freeware and non-free, such as Linux, FreeBSD, BeOS, Zeta, Unix, RiscOS, Amiga, DOS-clones, Windows-emulators, etc. Types of operating systems Single- and multi-tasking. A single-tasking system can only run one program at a time, while a multi-tasking operating system allows more. Jelena Mamčenko Operating Systems Lecture Notes on Operating Systems 6 2 History of Operating Systems An operating system (OS) is a software program that manages. The Distributed Object Computing (DOC) Group is a distributed research consortium lead by Dr. Douglas C. Schmidt and consisting of the DOC group in ISIS at Vanderbilt. Building distributed systems with containers. Five questions for Brendan Burns: How containers and cluster management have changed systems development, and common. A History of Operating Systems | History of operating systems. Operating systems have been evolving through the years. In this excerpt from his book, Modern Operating Systems, Andrew Tanenbaum briefly looks at a few of the highlights. Since operating systems have historically been closely tied to the architecture of the computers on which they run, Dr. Tanenbaum looks at successive generations of computers to see what their operating systems were like. This mapping of operating system generations to computer generations is crude, but it does provide some structure where there would otherwise be none. See all of Andy's articles here. Distributed Operating Systems & AlgorithmsThis chapter is from the book The first true digital computer was designed by the English. Charles Babbage (1. Although Babbage spent most of. Needless to say, the. As an interesting historical aside, Babbage realized that he would. Ada. Lovelace, who was the daughter of the famed British poet Lord Byron, as the. IEEE 1547 National Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Generation: How Could It Help My Facility? Thomas Basso N. Richard Friedman IEEE SCC21 P1547 Secretary. The programming language Ada® is. The First Generation (1. Vacuum Tubes and Plugboards. After Babbage's unsuccessful efforts, little progress was made. World War II. Around the mid- 1. Howard Aiken at Harvard, John von Neumann at the Institute for Advanced Study in. Distributed Operating Systems NotesWe are one of the World's Largest Virtual Campus serving more than 19,00,000 Subscribers worldwide using more than 200 state of the art Training Programs. Princeton, J. Presper Eckert and William Mauchley at the University of. Pennsylvania, and Konrad Zuse in Germany, among others, all succeeded in. The first ones used mechanical relays but were. Relays were later replaced by. These machines were enormous, filling up entire rooms with tens of. In these early days, a single group of people designed, built. All programming was done in. Programming languages were unknown (even. Operating systems were unheard of. The usual. mode of operation was for the programmer to sign up for a block of time on the. Virtually all the. By the early 1. 95. It was now possible to write programs on cards. The Second Generation (1. Transistors and Batch Systems. The introduction of the transistor in the mid- 1. Computers became reliable enough that they could be. For the first. time, there was a clear separation between designers, builders, operators. These machines, now called mainframes, were locked away in. Only big corporations or major government agencies or universities. To run a job (i. e., a. FORTRAN or assembler), then punch it on cards. He would then bring the card. When the computer finished whatever job it was currently running, an. Then he would. take one of the card decks that had been brought from the input room and read it. If the FORTRAN compiler was needed, the operator would have to get it from a. Much computer time was wasted while operators were. Given the high cost of the equipment, it is not surprising that people quickly. The solution generally adopted was. The idea behind it was to collect a tray full of jobs. IBM 1. 40. 1, which was very good at reading cards. Other, much more expensive machines, such as the IBM 7. This situation is shown in Fig. After about an hour of collecting a batch of jobs, the tape was. The operator then loaded a special program (the ancestor of today's. The output was. written onto a second tape, instead of being printed. After each job finished. When the whole batch was done, the operator removed the input and. Figure. 1- 1 An early batch system. Programmers bring cards to 1. Operator carries input tape to 7. Operator carries output tape to 1. The structure of a typical input job is shown in Fig. It started out with a $JOB card, specifying the maximum run time in. Then. came a $FORTRAN card, telling the operating system to load the FORTRAN compiler. It was followed by the program to be compiled, and then. LOAD card, directing the operating system to load the object program just. Compiled programs were often written on scratch tapes and had to. Next came the $RUN card, telling the operating system. Finally, the $END card marked. These primitive control cards were the forerunners of modern. Large second- generation computers were used mostly for scientific and. They were largely programmed in. FOR- TRAN and assembly language. Typical operating systems were FMS (the Fortran. Monitor System) and IBSYS, IBM's operating system for the 7. Figure. 1- 2 Structure of a typical FMS job. The Third Generation (1. ICs and Multiprogramming. By the early 1. 96. On the one hand there were the. On the other hand. Developing and maintaining two completely different product lines was. In addition, many new computer. IBM attempted to solve both of these problems at a single stroke by. System/3. 60. The 3. The machines. differed only in price and performance (maximum memory, processor speed, number. I/O devices permitted, and so forth). Since all the machines had the same. Furthermore, the 3. Thus a single family. In subsequent years, IBM. The 3. 60 was the first major computer line to use (small- scale). Integrated Circuits (ICs), thus providing a major price/performance advantage. It was an immediate success, and the idea of a family of compatible. The descendants. of these machines are still in use at computer centers today. Nowadays they are. World Wide Web sites that must process thousands of requests. The greatest strength of the ''one family'' idea. The intention was that all software. OS/3. 60 had to work on all models. It had. to run on small systems, which often just replaced 1. It had to be good on systems with few. It had to work in commercial. Above all, it had to be efficient. There was no way that IBM (or anybody else) could write a piece of. The result was an enormous. FMS. It consisted of millions of lines of assembly. Each new release fixed some bugs and introduced new. One of the designers of OS/3. Fred Brooks, subsequently wrote a. Brooks, 1. 99. 6) describing his experiences with OS/3. While it would be impossible to summarize the book here, suffice it to say that. The cover of. Silberschatz et al. Despite its enormous size and problems, OS/3. They also. popularized several key techniques absent in second- generation operating. Probably the most important of these was multiprogramming. On. the 7. 09. 4, when the current job paused to wait for a tape or other I/O operation. CPU simply sat idle until the I/O finished. With heavily. CPU- bound scientific calculations, I/O is infrequent, so this wasted time is not. With commercial data processing, the I/O wait time can often be 8. CPU be idle so much. The solution that evolved was to partition memory into several pieces, with. Fig. 1- 3. While one job was waiting for I/O to complete, another job could be. CPU. If enough jobs could be held in main memory at once, the CPU. Having multiple jobs safely. Another major feature present in third- generation operating systems. Then, whenever a running job finished, the. This technique is called spooling (from Simultaneous. Peripheral Operation On Line) and was also used for output. With spooling, the. Figure. 1- 3 A multiprogramming system with three jobs in memory. Although third- generation operating systems were well suited for big. Many programmers pined for the first- generation. With third- generation systems, the time between. This desire for quick response time paved the way for. In a timesharing system, if 2. CPU can be allocated in. Since people debugging programs. CPU is otherwise idle. The first serious. CTSS (Compatible Time Sharing System), was. M. I. T. on a specially modified 7. Corbato& acute; et al.. However, timesharing did not really become popular until the necessary. After the success of the CTSS system, MIT, Bell Labs, and General. Electric (then a major computer manufacturer) decided to embark on the. Their model was the. The designers of this system, known as MUL- TICS (MULTiplexed. Information and Computing Service), envisioned one huge machine providing. Boston area. The idea that machines far more. GE- 6. 45 mainframe would be sold for a thousand dollars by the. Sort of like the idea of. Atlantic undersea trains now.†We will use the terms ''procedure,''. MULTICS was a mixed success. It was designed to support hundreds of. Intel 3. 86- based PC. I/O capacity. This is not quite as crazy as it sounds. There were many reasons that MULTICS did not. PL/I, and. the PL/I compiler was years late and barely worked at all when it finally. In addition, MUL- TICS was enormously ambitious for its time, much like. Charles Babbage's analytical engine in the nineteenth century. To make a long story short, MULTICS introduced many seminal ideas. Bell Labs dropped. General Electric quit the computer business altogether. However, M. I. T. MULTICS working. It was ultimately. GE's computer. business (Honeywell) and installed by about 8. While their numbers were small, MULTICS users were fiercely loyal. General Motors, Ford, and the U. S. National Security Agency, for example, only. MULTICS systems in the late 1. MULTICS was. released. For the moment, the concept of a computer utility has fizzled out but. Internet servers to. The motivation here is likely to be that most. E- commerce is already evolving in. MULTICS. design. Despite its lack of commercial success, MULTICS had a huge influence. It is described in (Corbato et al.. Corbato and Vyssotsky, 1. Daley and Dennis, 1. Organick. 1. 97. 2; and Saltzer, 1. It also has a still- active Web site. Another major development during the third generation was the. DEC PDP- 1 in 1. 96. The. PDP- 1 had only 4. K of 1. 8- bit words, but at $1. For certain kinds of. It was quickly followed by a series of other PDPs (unlike. IBM's family, all incompatible) culminating in the PDP- 1. One of the computer scientists at Bell Labs who had worked on the. MULTICS project, Ken Thompson, subsequently found a small PDP- 7 minicomputer. MULTICS. This work later developed into the UNIX®. The history of UNIX has been told elsewhere (e. Salus, 1. 99. 4). Part. of that story will be given in Chap. For now, suffice it to say, that. Two major versions. System V, from AT& T, and BSD, (Berkeley Software. Distribution) from the University of California at Berkeley. These had minor. variants as well. To make it possible to write programs that could run on any. Distributed Object Computing (DOC) Group for DRE Systems. The Distributed Object Computing (DOC) Group is a distributed research. Dr. Douglas. C. Schmidt and consisting of the DOC group in ISIS at Vanderbilt University, Nashville. Distributed Object Computing in the Computer Science and Engineering. Washington. University. The DOC Group also includes members at Remedy IT, Riverace Corporation, Prism. Tech, and Object Computing Inc. The purpose. of the DOC group is to support advanced R& D. R& D. projects driven by the free market of ideas, requirements, and. The most popular and widely used open- source middleware platforms and. DOC group focus on distributed real- time. DRE) systems and include: ACE, which. C++ wrapper facades and framework. OS platforms. which is CORBA middleware that allows clients to invoke operations. OS platform, communication protocols and. CORBA Component Model (CCM) implementation built on top of. Deployment And Configuration Engine built on top of. CIAO that implements the OMG Deployment and. Configuration Specification. ZEN, which is an. Real- time CORBA implemented using Real- time Java. Generic Modeling. Environment (GME) to support various. DRE system development, assembly, deployment. CUTS, which is a. SEM) tool designed using the Generic Modeling. Environment (GME) to conduct system integration tests. JAWS, which. is a high- performance HTTP web server. Resource Allocation and Control Engine built. CIAO that allocates resource (such as memory, computational power, network bandwidth, etc,). Qo. S and system resource utilization in. Skoll, which. is a Distributed Continuous Quality Assurance environment. GEMS, which. is a configurable toolkit for creating domain- specific modeling. Eclipse. Open. DDS, which. Object Management Group. Distribution Service (DDS). Open. DDS leverages ACE to. C++ and Java bindings. DDS Benchmark, which investigates the performance of pub/sub data distribution service. You can download all the source- code, documentation, regression tests. You can download a list of the projects we're currently working on here. Back to Douglas. C. Schmidt's home page.
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